Caring for Senior Dogs: A Guide to Health and Happiness

From the time they are energetic puppies right through their spirited adulthood, dogs bring joy to their owners’ lives.

But just like humans, an older dog eventually slows down — and their needs change.

“Like humans, many older dogs experience a decline in various bodily functions,” says Dr. Bethany Hsia, a veterinarian and co-founder of CodaPet, which supports a network of veterinarians who offer at-home end-of-life pet care.

Age-related health conditions that older dogs might face include:

• Arthritis
• Dementia
• Obesity
• Vision and hearing loss
• Cancer
• Dental issues
• Kidney or heart disease
• Urinary incontinence
• Hormone imbalances, such as hypothyroidism and Cushing’s disease

Responding well to an aging dog’s challenges is an important part of keeping your best friend healthy and happy.

“Getting older isn’t a disease,” says Dr. Elliott Garber, a veterinarian and founder of Creatures, a software and social media platform for animal businesses. “Many age-related changes can be managed successfully.”

Here are some things you should do as your dog achieves senior status.

Caring for senior dogs: 8 essential tips

Schedule regular visits with a veterinarian

As people age, they end up needing regular medical checkups. That is also true for dogs.

Dogs age faster than humans. The Best Friends Society notes that a 12-year-old dog that only sees a veterinarian once a year is equivalent to a 75-year-old person who visits their doctor every three years.

“Annual or even semi-annual veterinary visits are crucial for early detection and management of age-related diseases,” Hsia says.

During these visits, your dog should have blood work, urinalysis and potentially imaging to screen for underlying conditions, she says.

Garber recommends scheduling checkups twice yearly, with bloodwork at least annually.

Don’t overlook their dental health

Keeping your dog’s teeth in shape is just as important as maintaining other aspects of your dog’s health.

Garber recommends brushing your dog’s teeth daily. You should also schedule professional dental cleanings under anesthesia when recommended by your vet.

Cleaning your dog’s teeth “can significantly reduce pain and systemic inflammation associated with dental disease,” Garber says.

Protect their joints

Just like their human friends, dogs often develop stiffening joints and arthritis as they age.

“Arthritis tops the list of senior dog problems in most practices,” Garber says.

The best way to treat arthritis is to make sure your pet maintains a healthy weight and keeps moving with gentle daily exercise.

“These two things alone can dramatically improve symptoms,” Garber says.

In some cases, medication may be necessary to treat arthritis effectively.

“For joint pain, veterinarians may prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or joint supplements,” Hsia says.

Comfortable, orthopedic bedding can also help support aching joints, she says.

Help them stay hydrated

Hydration is critical for all dogs, especially seniors. So, make sure fresh water is readily available.

“Consider adding multiple water bowls around the house, especially for dogs with mobility issues,” Hsia says.

Garber also recommends making water accessible throughout the house and urges owners to give their dogs “more frequent bathroom breaks.”

Switch up their diet

Like humans, dogs often start to pack on the pounds as they age. This can be more dangerous to a dog’s health than it first appears.

“Obesity compounds nearly every other health issue,” Garber says. “So, vets typically treat it as seriously as any other disease.”

Unless your dog has advanced kidney disease or another condition requiring dietary changes, Garber recommends a diet with plenty of quality protein to help your dog maintain muscle mass.

As dogs age, it can make sense to switch to food that is specially formulated for older dogs, Hsia says.

“This can help manage weight, support joint health, and provide appropriate nutrient levels for aging organs,” she says.

Preventing obesity is “paramount,” according to Hsia. However, before making any dietary changes, it is best to consult with your dog’s veterinarian.

“Work with your veterinarian to determine an ideal weight and appropriate caloric intake for your senior dog,” Hsia says.

Change their environment

Simple changes around your home can help your dog remain comfortable and safe as the pet ages.

“Put down yoga mats or rubber runners on slippery floors,” Garber says. “Use ramps instead of stairs when possible.”

He also suggests investing in a supportive orthopedic bed for your dog.

Keep them physically and mentally active

Older dogs should engage in regular, gentle exercise appropriate for their mobility, Hsia says. For example, take them on shorter, more frequent walks.

“They should avoid strenuous activities that could exacerbate joint pain,” Hsia says.

You can help ensure your pup stays mentally stimulated by giving them puzzle toys and engaging in short training sessions, she says.

Garber notes that dementia and other cognitive issues rank with arthritis and dental issues as being among the most common maladies that older dogs face.

“For dogs with cognitive changes, stick to predictable daily routines and use nightlights to help with confusion after dark,” Garber says.

Groom them regularly

Regular grooming becomes more important as your dog ages.

“Older dogs may have difficulty grooming themselves, and proper hygiene prevents skin issues and discomfort,” Hsia says.

Garber says it is important to keep a dog’s nails trimmed, as longer nails affect both balance and comfort.

Remain their best friend

Dogs that appear to be slowing down still want your love and affection. So, continue to engage with your dog through gentle play, petting and verbal interaction.

“While senior dogs’ energy levels may decrease, their need for companionship remains,” Hsia says.

Additional advice for caring for senior dogs

Make sure you stick to a consistent routine with your aging dog.

“Older dogs often thrive on predictability,” Hsia says. “Specifically, stick to regular feeding times, walk schedules and bedtime routines.”

If your dog is losing its sight or hearing, it’s best to avoid regularly rearranging furniture, Garber says.

He also recommends keeping a calendar where you can track your pet’s good days and challenging days.

“This helps you spot patterns and make decisions based on trends rather than emotions,” he says.

Garber urges you to have conversations with a vet early about pain management options and quality of life assessments.

“Planning ahead means you can focus on enjoying your time together rather than scrambling during a crisis,” Garber says. “Small adjustments made early often prevent bigger problems later.”

While the journey of caring for an older dog can be challenging, it is also rewarding, Hsia says. As an owner, you must be patient, empathetic and committed to adapting to your pet’s changing needs.

“Remember that aging is not a disease, but a natural process,” she says. “The goal is to maximize their comfort and quality of life for as long as possible.”